The environment is the main element of human presence and entity. Accumulation of some elements or combinations in the environment might result in very dangerous health problems for people
Radioactivity and heavy element rates should not be more than the allowed limits for tap water. Otherwise, the likelihood of health risks will increase. The earthβs crust contains heavy metals that cannot be taken down or destroyed
According to population rates, in 2018, the number of people living in rural areas of this governorate were estimated about 6,577,000. The urbanization rate of the study area is 28.2%. Southwest Gamasa and Asafra which contains Industrial Zone area and zone of economic activities as Food- chemicals- Textile and clothing- building materials- engineering beside Zone of infrastructure as Electricity- Natural Gas- water- Sewage stations are situated within the study area. The tap water in the study area is running from the Nile to the Damietta and its canals. Whilst, the major source of other centers of Dakahlia are water wells. At Mansoura governorate, the level of tap water in the Nile was estimated to be +1.8 m. Meanwhile, it was estimated +4 m in the nearby water wells
Therefore, water pollution is a serious global problem that needs continuing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels. Potable water in the study area undergoes the purification process, often in public plants to make sure of its safety for consumers. The increasing industrial activities in Dakahlia region motivated us to conduct our research. Many toxigenic heavy metals are pollutants of tap water supplies in many locations around the globe
Thirteen samples of tap water were collected from the study area (
Fresh water should contain 226Ra activity less than 1Bq/l to be suitable for drinking (13). The following radiation hazard indices are estimated for all samples:
π
πππ (π΅π/ππ) = π΄Ra + 1.43π΄Th + 0.077π΄K (1) (
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πΌΙ€π (π΅π/ππ) = 0.0067π΄Ra + 0.01π΄Th + 0.00067π΄k (2) (
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π· (ππΊπ¦. ββ1) = 0.462π΄Ra + 0.604π΄Th + 0.0417π΄k (3)
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π΄πΊπΈπ· (πππ£. π¦β1) = 3.09π΄Ra + 4.18π΄Th + 0.314π΄K (4)
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π΄πΈπ·πΈ (πππ£. π¦β1) = dose rate (in ππΊπ¦/β) π₯ 24 βπ₯ 365.25 ππ₯ 0.2(occupancy factor) π₯ 0.7 ππ£/πΊπ¦ ( conversion coefficient) π₯10β3 (5)
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π»ππ₯ =π΄Ra370+π΄Th259+π΄k4810β€ 1 (6)
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π»ππ =π΄Ra185+π΄Th259+π΄k4810< 1 (7)
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πΈπΏπΆπ
(πππ£. π¦β1) = π΄πΈπ·πΈπ₯π·πΏπ₯π
πΉ (8)
Where π΄Ra, π΄Th and π΄k, are the specific activities of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in Bq kgβ1, the DL is the average duration of life (estimated to be 70 years) and RF is the risk factor (Sv), for stochastic effects, RF is used as 0.05 for the public uses
SPSS version 23 statistical package and software Excel 2010 were used for data analysis. Analyses of the experimental data were carried out by using Pearson correlation matrix, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Factor Analysis (FA) methods
pH value has a great influence on heavy metal interaction and on many other parameters. Our study confirmed that toxicity with heavy metals rises in alkaline pH values. It is obvious that the concentrations of Cu, Zn and Mn metals are under detection limits (0.006 for Cu, 0.0006 for Zn and 0.002 for Mn) of the used analytical instruments (
Al | Cd | Cu | Zn | Cr | Ni | Pb | Mn | Fe | Co | Sites | Site No. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.04 | 0.004 | <0.006 | <0.0006 | 0.004 | 0.011 | 0.001 | <0.002 | <0.3 | 0.002 | El-Mansoura | 1 |
0.1 | 0.011 | <0.006 | <0.0006 | 0.008 | 0.017 | 0.033 | <0.002 | <0.3 | <0.001 | Talkha | 2 |
0.09 | 0.001 | <0.006 | <0.0006 | 0.001 | 0.011 | 0.003 | <0.002 | <0.3 | 0.001 | Dekernis | 3 |
0.06 | 0.001 | <0.006 | <0.0006 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.038 | <0.002 | <0.3 | <0.001 | Nabaru | 4 |
0.03 | 0.005 | <0.006 | <0.0006 | <0.01 | 0.018 | 0.003 | <0.002 | 0.01 | 0.001 | Minyet el-nasr | 5 |
0.09 | 0.002 | <0.006 | <0.0006 | <0.01 | 0.008 | 0.004 | <0.002 | <0.3 | 0.002 | Mit-Faris | 6 |
0.04 | 0.001 | <0.006 | <0.0006 | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.002 | <0.002 | <0.3 | 0.001 | Sherbin | 7 |
0.04 | 0.015 | <0.006 | <0.0006 | 0.001 | 0.009 | <0.001 | <0.002 | <0.3 | <0.001 | Bilqas | 8 |
0.05 | 0.01 | <0.006 | <0.0006 | 0.001 | 0.021 | 0.002 | <0.002 | <0.3 | 0.001 | El-Gamalia | 9 |
0.03 | 0.002 | <0.006 | <0.0006 | <0.01 | 0.008 | 0.004 | <0.002 | <0.3 | 0.002 | El-Sinbillawin | 10 |
0.02 | 0.003 | <0.006 | <0.0006 | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.003 | <0.002 | 0.02 | 0.002 | El-Manzala | 11 |
0.01 | 0.001 | <0.006 | <0.0006 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.004 | <0.002 | <0.3 | 0.015 | Aga | 12 |
0.01 | 0.002 | <0.006 | <0.0006 | 0.001 | 0.023 | 0.002 | <0.002 | <0.3 | 0.003 | Mit-Ghamer | 13 |
Concentrations of Aluminum in water were in the allowed limits in all sites, the concentration is generally below 0.1 mg/l and they were equal to the allowable limits of the World Health Organization
Activities of 40K, 232Th and 226Ra in tap-water samples collected from the study area were measured and radiation risk indices were calculated. They are presented in
Site No. | Site | pH | EC | TDS | Clβ | Alkal. | SO42β | 226Ra | 232Th | 40K |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | El-Mansoura | 7.53 | 486 | 315.9 | 35 | 148 | 43 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 2.6 |
2 | Talkha | 7.46 | 445 | 298.5 | 34.03 | 156 | 65 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.4 |
3 | Dekernis | 7.76 | 454 | 295.1 | 38 | 150 | 51 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.4 |
4 | Nabaru | 7.67 | 480 | 312 | 50 | 145 | 60 | 1 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
5 | Minyet el-nasr | 7.5 | 431 | 281.2 | 30 | 136 | 47 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 |
6 | Mit-Faris | 7.99 | 426 | 276.9 | 29.8 | 160 | 43.3 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.1 |
7 | Sherbin | 7.72 | 498 | 323.7 | 46 | 133 | 57 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.4 |
8 | Bilqas | 7.53 | 398 | 259 | 21 | 140 | 30 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.9 |
9 | El-Gamalia | 8.14 | 428 | 278.2 | 31.2 | 150 | 73.07 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.7 |
10 | El-Sinbillawin | 7.73 | 359 | 233 | 30 | 140 | 45 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.7 |
11 | El-Manzala | 7.79 | 379 | 246 | 28 | 145 | 45 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.4 |
12 | Aga | 7.53 | 398 | 259 | 21 | 140 | 30 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.6 |
13 | Mit-Ghamer | 7.66 | 388 | 253 | 23 | 145 | 38 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1 |
limit of WHO (2008) | 6.5β8 | --- | 1000 | 500 | 250 | 250 | 10 | 1 | 10 |
Site No. | Sites | DosenGy. hβ1 | Annual dose ΞΌSv.y-1 | Ra eqBq/kg | AGEdΞΌSv.yβ1 | I8Bq/kg | IcΞΌSv.yβ1 | Hin | Hex |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | El-Mansoura | 0.79 | 0.97 | 1.76 | 5.49 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.005 |
2 | Talkha | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.45 | 1.48 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
3 | Dekernis | 1.01 | 1.24 | 2.29 | 6.98 | 0.016 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.006 |
4 | Nabaru | 0.82 | 1.01 | 1.87 | 5.70 | 0.013 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.005 |
5 | Minyet el-nasr | 1.02 | 1.26 | 2.32 | 7.08 | 0.016 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.006 |
6 | Mit-Faris | 0.73 | 0.90 | 1.65 | 5.05 | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.004 |
7 | Sherbin | 1.01 | 1.24 | 2.29 | 6.98 | 0.016 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.006 |
8 | Bilqas | 0.87 | 1.06 | 1.95 | 5.99 | 0.014 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.005 |
9 | El-Gamalia | 0.86 | 1.05 | 1.93 | 5.93 | 0.013 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.005 |
10 | El-Sinbillawin | 0.65 | 0.79 | 1.45 | 4.48 | 0.010 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.004 |
11 | El-Manzala | 0.78 | 0.96 | 1.77 | 5.42 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.005 |
12 | Aga | 0.81 | 0.99 | 1.82 | 5.59 | 0.013 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.005 |
13 | Mit-Ghamer | 0.62 | 0.77 | 1.41 | 4.32 | 0.010 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.004 |
The statistical values corresponding to heavy metals are displayed in
Variables | Cd | Cr | Ni | Pb | Co | Al | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 0.0044 | 0.0021 | 0.0115 | 0.0076 | 0.0023 | 0.0469 | 0.0023 |
Std. Deviation | 0.0045 | 0.00250 | 0.0063 | 0.0124 | 0.0039 | 0.0301 | 0.0059 |
Variance | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Skewness | 1.429 | 1.376 | .490 | 2.167 | 3.259 | 0.652 | 2.682 |
Std. Error of Skewness | 0.616 | 0.616 | 0.616 | 0.616 | 0.616 | 0.616 | 0.616 |
Kurtosis | 0.962 | 0.959 | -0.408 | 3.350 | 11.222 | -0.694 | 6.964 |
Std. Error of Kurtosis | 1.191 | 1.191 | 1.191 | 1.191 | 1.191 | 1.191 | 1.191 |
Minimum | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.000 |
Maximum | 0.015 | 0.008 | 0.023 | 0.038 | 0.015 | 0.100 | 0.020 |
Variables | Ra 226 | Th 232 | K 40 | Dose | Annual Dose | Radium Equivalent | AGED | Gamma Radiation | ELCR | Hin | Hex |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 0.738 | 0.654 | 1.454 | 0.783 | 0.962 | 1.766 | 5.422 | 0.012 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.005 |
Std. Deviation | 0.202 | 0.218 | 0.477 | 0.214 | 0.262 | 0.492 | 1.474 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Variance | 0.041 | 0.048 | 0.228 | 0.046 | 0.069 | 0.242 | 2.173 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Skewness | -1.552 | -1.224 | 0.942 | -1.577 | -1.557 | -1.564 | -1.570 | -1.519 | -1.372 | -1.213 | -1.923 |
Std. Error of Skewness | 0.616 | 0.616 | 0.616 | 0.616 | 0.616 | 0.616 | 0.616 | 0.616 | 0.616 | 0.616 | 0.616 |
Kurtosis | 3.621 | 2.542 | 1.679 | 3.773 | 3.754 | 3.788 | 3.763 | 3.632 | 2.834 | 2.752 | 5.066 |
Std. Error of Kurtosis | 1.191 | 1.191 | 1.191 | 1.191 | 1.191 | 1.191 | 1.191 | 1.191 | 1.191 | 1.191 | 1.191 |
Range | 0.800 | 0.800 | 1.800 | 0.810 | 1.00 | 1.870 | 5.600 | 0.013 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.005 |
Minimum | 0.200 | 0.100 | 0.800 | 0.210 | 0.260 | 0.450 | 1.480 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Maximum | 1.000 | 0.900 | 2.600 | 1.020 | 1.260 | 2.320 | 7.080 | 0.016 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.006 |
Correlation between Cases | Vectors of Values | ||||||||||||
El-Mansoura | Talkha | Dekernis | Nabaru | Minyet el-nasr | Mit-Faris | Sherbin | Bilqas | El-Gamalia | El-Sinbillawin | El-Manzala | Aga | Mit-Ghamer | |
El-Mansoura | 1 | ||||||||||||
Talkha | .939 | 1 | |||||||||||
Dekernis | .984 | .954 | 1 | ||||||||||
Nabaru | .798 | .953 | .839 | 1 | |||||||||
Minyet el-nasr | .901 | .827 | .865 | .687 | 1 | ||||||||
Mit-Faris | .978 | .956 | .999 | .846 | .851 | 1 | |||||||
Sherbin | .992 | .950 | .989 | .828 | .866 | .984 | 1 | ||||||
Bilqas | .952 | .898 | .931 | .732 | .862 | .930 | .923 | 1 | |||||
El-Gamalia | .980 | .912 | .946 | .760 | .939 | .937 | .951 | .962 | 1 | ||||
El-Sinbillawin | .987 | .966 | .985 | .861 | .904 | .982 | .979 | .934 | .973 | 1 | |||
El-Manzala | .637 | .591 | .645 | .499 | .834 | .639 | .627 | .599 | .640 | .644 | 1 | ||
Aga | .442 | .432 | .457 | .426 | .289 | .472 | .439 | .362 | .378 | .482 | .187 | 1 | |
Mit-Ghamer | .516 | .389 | .394 | .273 | .694 | .363 | .446 | .441 | .628 | .514 | .361 | .141 | 1 |
Heavy Metals | Cd | Cr | Ni | Pb | Co | Al | Fe | Cu | Zn | Mn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | 1 | |||||||||
Cr | .150 | 1 | ||||||||
Ni | .364 | .015 | 1 | |||||||
Pb | .053 | .611 | -.059 | 1 | ||||||
Co | -.341 | -.239 | -.441 | -.219 | 1 | |||||
Al | .186 | .377 | .044 | .469 | -.464 | 1 | ||||
Fe | -.072 | -.244 | .030 | -.154 | -.068- | -.327 | 1 | |||
Cu | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | 1 | ||
Zn | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | 1 | |
Mn | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | 1 |
Hierarchical clustering analysis is one of the techniques that enable to partition off a site's area of water samples into subsets. Sites grouped in one cluster are considered similar and sites grouped in different clusters are considered dissimilar. Frequency distributions of cited nuclide activity are presented in
Skewness of 226Ra and 232Th activity exhibited negative values to indicate that their distribution area symmetric with left tail is longer than the right, while the positive value of skewness obtained for 40K activity concentrations shows that their distribution area symmetric with right tail being longer than the left as can be seen in
The present study investigated the background levels of radioactivity and heavy metal concentrations in tap water of Dakahlia governorate. Our results clarified that the determined heavy metal and radioactivity in tap water of the research area are compatible with the studies carried out in other regions in Egypt. The health dangers associated with radioactivity in tap water are determined to be below the limit values recommended by the WHO
The authors would like to express deep gratitude to Prof. Dr.Seufi A. M. for his collaboration in reviewing this work.