Occupational air pollutant in textile industry irritates the respiration system which in turn causes the disturbance of the nasal mucosa
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a glycoprotein produced by monocytes and macrophages due to the infection or tissue damage in immune system response. IL-6 will activate Toll-LIKE Receptors (TRLs) to produce IL-6 in the further chronic inflammation
Superoxide dismutase (SODs) is an antioxidant enzymes produced by human immunes system for oxidation homeostasis. SOD-1 and SOD-2 are the intracellular enzymes work in cytoplasm and mytochondria. SOD-3, as known as Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase (ECSOD), is an extracellular enzyme found in lung and tissues. The distribution of SOD-3 in the extracellular compartment indicates that the enzyme is protecting against free radical damage and chronic inflammation. In the state of stress oxidative, the production of free radical damages the extracellular matrix
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Method is used to measure the IL-6 and SOD-3 level. ELISA is a plate-based testing technique designed to detect and measure peptides, proteins, antibodies and hormones. ELISA test can be done in a relatively fast time with high sensitivity and specificity
The objective of this study is to know if the occupational air pollution exposure affects the increasing of IL-6 and SOD-3 level on nasal wash in textile industry workers.
This study used analytical observational design with cross-sectional method. The subjects of this study were 40 male textile industry workers in PT. APAC INTI Corpora, Bawen, Semarang. Divided into two groups: the dyeing and sizing area with 20 workers each group. Subjects were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria using a questioner.
Inclussion criterias:
PT. APAC INTI Corpora’s dyeing and sizing male workers.
In a good condition.
5 years or more of service.
Signing the informed level.
Exclussion criterias: history of lung and heart disease
The data normality test from each group was analyzed using the Saphiro-wilk test. The Mann Whitney test was used for the abnormally distributed data. The difference test is significant if p < 0,05. The data’s correlation test was used the Spearman’s correlation test. The correlation is significant if p < 0,05.
The characteristics of respondents in this study can be seen in
Characterictics | n | % | Mean ± SD (min-max) |
Gender Male | 40 | 100% | - |
Female | 0 | 0% | |
Age | 40 | 39.93 ± 8.166 (19-50) | |
Year of service | 40 | 17.34 ± 8.078 (5-27) | |
Duration of work 8 hours | 40 | 100% | - |
Length of work 5 days 6 days 7 days | 6331 | 15%82,5%2,5% | 5.88 ± 0.404 (5-7) |
Other occupation exposed by irritants Yes No | 238 | 5%95% | - |
Respiratory disorder Yes No | 40 | 100% | - |
Smoking history Yes No | 2515 | 62,5%37,5% | - |
No. | Parameter | Area | Test Result | Regulatory limit | Unit | Method |
1. | Sulphur dioxide (SO2) | Dyeing | <0.0003 | 0.5 | ppm | IKM-EI-SML-21Spektofotometri |
Sizing | <0.0001 | |||||
2. | Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) | Dyeing | <0.0032 | 0.2 | ppm | IKM-EI-SML-22Spektofotometri |
Sizing | <0.0032 | |||||
3. | Oxidant (O3) | Dyeing | <0.007 | 0.08 | ppm | IKM-EI-SML-24Spektofotometri |
Sizing | <0.007 | |||||
4. | Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) | Dyeing | <0.012 | 1 | ppm | IKM-EI-SML-6Spektofotometri |
Sizing | <0.012 | |||||
5. | Ammonia (NH3) | Dyeing | 0.0001 | 25 | ppm | IKM-EI-SML-23Spektofotometri |
Sizing | 0.0005 | |||||
6. | Carbon Monoxide (CO) | Dyeing | <1 | 25 | ppm | NIOSH 6604:1996 |
Sizing | <1 | |||||
7. | Leed (Pb) | Dyeing | <0.0003 | 0.05 | mg/m3 | OSHA ID-121:2002 |
Sizing | <0.0003 | |||||
8. | Dust | Dyeing | 5.36 | 10 | mg/m3 | SNI 16-7058-2004 |
Sizing | 1.33 | |||||
9. | PM10 | Dyeing | 64 | 50 | µg/Nm3 | IKM-EI-SML-28(Particle counter) |
Sizing | 72 | |||||
10. | PM2.5 | Dyeing | 34 | 25 | µg/Nm3 | IKM-EI-SML-28(Particle counter) |
Sizing | 33 | |||||
11. | Noise | Dyeing | 65.4 | 85 | dBA | SNI 7231:2009 |
Sizing | 66.3 |
The results showed that in the dyeing and sizing area, the direct PM10 and PM2.5 measurements is above the regulatory limit standard for 24-hour. The SO2, NO2, O3, H2S, NH3, Dust, CO, Lead, and noise are below the regulatory limit as shown in
From the
Variable | Area | p‡ | |
Dyeing (Mean±SD) | Sizing (Mean±SD) | ||
IL-6 | 12.786±1.983 | 12.591±8.137 | 0.010 |
SOD-3 | 4.490 ± 2.771 | 3.644±1.694 | 0.433 |
The correlation between IL-6 and SOD-3 level in dyeing and sizing area can be seen in
Variable | SOD-3 | Description | |
p | ‡r | ||
IL-6 | 0.044 | 0.320 | Significant, positive, moderate |
* Significant (p< 0.05);‡ Spearman’s
According to WHO, the 24-hours regulatory limit for PM10 is 50 µg/Nm3 and 25 µg/Nm3 for PM2.5. The results of the SO2, dust, and PM2.5 measurement in the dyeing area were higher than the sizing area. The results of the NO2, H2S, CO, and lead measurement in dyeing and sizing area were the same. The results of the NH3, noise and PM10 measurement in dyeing area were lower than the sizing area. The high level of PM10 and PM2.5 in the dyeing and sizing area is not safe for the workers.
PM has more serious impact on human health compared to the larger particles. PM is categorized according to mean aerodynamic diameter with sizes ranging from coarse particles (2.5–10 μm in diameter) to the smaller fine (<2.5 μm) and ultrafine (<0.1 μm) particles. PM can be inhaled to the lower respiratory airway. The smaller the size, the deeper the PM can be inhaled to the lower respiratory airway. The inhaled PM will be deposited in the lungs and damage the alveoli
Occupational air pollutant may result in adverse health effect in the exposed textile industries workers, even if it is in a small amount and does not exceed the occupational exposure limits. It may deposited in the workers’ respiratory tract when it is inhaled. The exposure of respiratory tract to the occupational air pollutant can cause hyperactivity of mucouse membrane resulting in the inflammation of the mucosa, obstruction, restriction, and manifest the decreasing of the pulmonary function. The textile industries workers’ smoking habit also may impact on their health.
The analysis of the data showed a significant difference of IL-6 level between dyeing and sizing area with p=0.010 (p < 0.05). The difference test of SOD-3 between the dyeing and sizing area did not show a significant result with p=0.433 (p < 0.05). The results of the IL-6 and SOD-3 measurement in the dyeing area were higher than the sizing area so it was proved the hypothesis of this study that there is a difference between IL-6 and SOD-3 level.
The history of the smoking habit in the subjects was one of the confounding factors in this study. The smokers tend to produce IL-6 level in the respiratory tract epithelium compared to the non-smokers. The interaction of smoking with IL-6 can affect the disease of the respiratory system. From a study by
Cigarette smoke exposed increases oxidative stress which can trigger the inflammation in the lung. The inflammation will spread systemically to the blood vessels and cause a decreasing of the body’s endogenous antioxidant capacity. The body produces SOD-3 as an antioxidant which can protect the body from the oxidative stress coming from the cigarette smoke. Poor awareness in smoking habit contributed into smoke-induced lung disease, including COPD, lung cancers and respiratory infections.
From the study conducted by
The results of the data analysis with p=0.044 showed a significant correlation between IL-6 and SOD-3 measurements in the dyeing and sizing area. The correlation coeficient showed a positive moderate strength between the IL-6 and SOD-3 level in dyeing and sizing area with r=0.320. The positive correlation from the data analysis means if there is an increasing amount of IL-6 level, the SOD-3 level will also increased.
The IL-6 level indicated a sign of an ongoing inflammatory process in the tissues
From a study by
From the study, there was a high chronic PM10 and PM2.5 exposure in the dyeing and sizing area that exceeds the regulatory limit. The body’s immune system will respond to this chronic exposure with the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6.
The previous study by
The same result obtained from
From the study of
The result of the study found that there is a correlation between SOD-3 level with PM10 and PM2.5 exposure in dyeing and sizing area. These results are compatible with the result from the previous study conducted by
According to
The occupational air pollutant especially the PM10 and PM2.5 affects the IL-6 and SOD-3 levels in the textile industry workers’ nasal wash. There is a significant correlation between the IL-6 and SOD-3 level in textile industry workers at dyeing and sizing area. There is a difference in the IL-6 level in dyeing and sizing area. But there is no significant in the SOD-3 level in dyeing and sizing area. The higher occupational air pollution inhaled will be compensated with the higher expression of IL-6 and SOD-3. The higher exposure of PM2.5 in the dyeing area results in the higher level of IL-6 and SOD-3. Occupational air pollutant may result in adverse health effect in the exposed textile industries workers, even if it is in a small amount and does not exceed the occupational exposure limits.