The increased occurrence of lifestyle-related diseases, the emergence of drug-resistant microbes, and related diseases have put extensive pressure to identify of new drugs. Traditional and modern medicines have always turned towards plant-derived secondary metabolites to identify novel therapeutic compounds
Though various bioactive compounds have been identified in mangrove extracts, they are not much exploited in South India. Further due to climatic changes and coastal development one in six mangrove species worldwide is in danger of extinction thereby necessitating restricted use of the whole plant. Utilizing only leaves of mangroves limits the over utilization of the mangrove, at the same time, helps to identify new bio active compounds. We performed a simultaneous comparative phytochemical analysis of leaf extract of
Fresh Leaves of
The young leaves were collected, and washed properly with tap water to remove debris. The leaves were dried in shades using blotting papers and then pulverised into a fine powder using a household blender and stored in an airtight bottle for further use. The powdered leaves of the two different plants were soaked (10g/100mL) in different solvents of increasing polarity (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, methanol and water) overnight in a rotary shaker
Qualitative phytochemical analysis was carried out by the addition of the specific reagents and the results were tabulated based on the colour change or precipitate formation
Each 0.5 mL extracts were mixed with 2.5 mL Folin- Ciocalteu reagent and 2 mL of 7.5% (w/v) sodium carbonate. The reaction mixtures were kept in the dark for 30 minutes. Gallic acid was used as standard. Absorbance was measured at 765 nm, and the total phenol content was determined as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) in mg/g
Total flavonoids were determined by the Aluminium chloride method
Free radical scavenging potential was determined using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-DPPH. To each extract, 1mL of freshly prepared DPPH (200 μM dissolved in ethanol) was added and vortexed thoroughly. Then the solution was incubated in a dark place for 30 minutes. The absorbance of stable DPPH was recorded at 517 nm by UV visible spectrometer Labtronics, Model Lt-291. Ascorbic acid was used as standard.
The percentage of inhibition was calculated using the formula.
% Inhibition = [1- (ABSSAMPLE/ABSCONTROL)] × 100.
Both aqueous and chloroform extracts of
The aqueous and methanol extracts were added as spots using capillary tubes on the one end of the pre coated Silica gel using Merck KGaA TLC Silica gel60 F254 of dimension 20×20 at above 1 cm. The TLC plate was allowed to dry, and then it was placed in a beaker containing solvent n-butanol, acetic acid and water in the ratio of 3:2:2. The samples were allowed to run 3/4th of the plate’s length. Then the plate was removed from the chamber and allowed to dry. 2% of iodine was sprayed over the plate, and then dried for another 10 minutes. The plate was visualised under UV light to identify violet colour spots, and their RF values were measured.
Based on the preliminary phytochemical screening, the methanol extract of both
GC-MS analysis was performed to identify individual constituents in the extract
Clinical isolates of
All the experiments were performed in triplicate values and expressed as ± Standard deviation.
The preliminary phytochemical analysis of all the extracts revealed the presence of some essential phytochemical compounds (
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W |
M |
E |
C |
P |
W |
M |
E |
C |
P |
1 |
Alkaloids |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
2 |
Terpenoids |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
3 |
Phenol |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
4 |
Sugar |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
5 |
Saponins |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
6 |
Flavonoids |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
7 |
Quinines |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
8 |
Proteins |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
9 |
Steroids |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
W: Water, M: Methanol, E: Ethanol, C: Chloroform, P: Petroleum Ether, +: Present, -: Absent
The maximum percentage yield of phenol was obtained in the aqueous extracts for
The percentage yield of flavonoids was higher in the aqueous extract of
The DPPH radical scavenging activity of
The UV-Visible (UV-VIS) spectra were used to identify the chemical compounds containing σ- bonds, π-bonds, lone pairs of electrons, chromophores and aromatic rings. The UV -VIS absorption spectra of the aqueous extract and chloroform extract of
TLC analysis of aqueous and methanol extracts of
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1 |
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Water |
0.771 |
Alkaloids |
Methanol |
0.643 |
Phenols |
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2 |
|
Water |
0.585 |
Flavonoids |
Methanol |
0.615 |
Phenols |
The FTIR spectrum helps to characterize the nature of the phytochemical molecules. In this study, The FTIR analysis was performed to determine the functional groups present in the methanol extracts of
Mass spectral analysis of compounds separated during gas chromatography helps to pinpoint the chemical components present in the sample as their mass spectra are fingerprints of the compounds, which can be determined from the established data library
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23.4844 |
Butanoic acid |
C10H14F5NO3 |
602754.8 |
23.9434 |
Succinic acid, pent-4-enyl propyl ester |
C12H20O4 |
189025.1 |
24.0194 |
2-Pentenoic acid, 4-oxo-, methyl ester |
C6H8O3 |
807404.6 |
24.3651 |
Thiazolidine, 3-methyl- |
C4H9NS |
207064.1 |
7.6253 |
6,7,8-Trimethoxy-3,4-dimethyl-1- methylsulfanyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline |
C15H21NO3S |
289170.0 |
23.8980 |
L-Leucine, methyl ester |
C7H15NO2 |
189950.9 |
7.1880 |
2-Furancarbonitrile |
C5H3NO |
1265102.2 |
16.6974 |
Glutaric acid, di(4-cyanophenyl) ester |
C19H14N2O4 |
323064.4 |
24.0022 |
1-Dodecanamine, N-dodecyl- |
C24H51N |
693094.9 |
28.6250 |
9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- |
C19H32O2 |
12106570.6 |
37.8775 |
Coumarine, 4-methyl-7-hydroxy-8-benzoyl- |
C17H12O4 |
1151952.7 |
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4.1048 |
Acetylacetone |
C5H8O2 |
1792938.2 |
6.8916 |
Trifluoroguanidine |
CH2F3N3 |
250364.5 |
8.1685 |
Picolinamide |
C6H6N2O |
781910.4 |
8.5621 |
p-Aminotoluene |
C7H9N |
214728.8 |
16.7231 |
Phthalic acid, hexyl 2-propylphenyl ester |
C23H28O4 |
660795.2 |
20.3128 |
Enanthamide |
C7H15NO |
739821.0 |
20.3916 |
Cyclopentanecarboxaldehyde |
C6H10O |
123343.1 |
21.2097 |
Benzamide, 4-fluoro-N-allyl- |
C10H10FNO |
145294.8 |
22.0511 |
L-Leucine, ethyl ester |
C8H17NO2 |
1088136.6 |
23.5800 |
1,3-Dioxolane |
C3H6O2 |
463354.2 |
26.5490 |
Octanamide, N-(2-butyl)-N-heptyl- |
C19H39NO |
18542826.6 |
31.7868 |
2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one, 3,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy- |
C9H8O3 |
3061558.0 |
37.7123 |
Glutaric acid, 2-methylpent-3-yl 2,2,3,4,4,4- hexafluorobutyl ester |
C15H22F6O4 |
445565.3 |
Antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of
Reviewing the previous studies, methanolic and combination extracts of
Recently, ethanol and methanolic extract of
With the increasing occurrence of multi-drug resistant bacteria, new antimicrobial compounds are the need of the hour. Mangroves produce a wide array of natural products with immense medicinal and nutritional potential
Among two plants studied
The authors acknowledge the Director and the staff members of CBNR for providing the necessary support to carry out this research work.