• P-ISSN 0974-6846 E-ISSN 0974-5645

Indian Journal of Science and Technology

Article

Changes in Male Rat Thyroid Gland Exposed to Roundup® and Gramoxone®
  • VIEWS 1173
  • PDF 265

Indian Journal of Science and Technology

DOI: 10.17485/IJST/v14i23.974

Year: 2021, Volume: 14, Issue: 24, Pages: 2034-2038

Original Article

Changes in Male Rat Thyroid Gland Exposed to Roundup® and Gramoxone®

Vaishali T Phusate1*

1Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College, Mumbai, 400019, India

*Corresponding Author
Email: [email protected]

Received Date:31 May 2021, Accepted Date:17 June 2021, Published Date:14 July 2021

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

Objectives: To study the effects of glyphosate based herbicide formulation Roundup® and paraquat based herbicide formulation Gramoxone® on the structure and function of the thyroid gland. Methods: Two groups of male rats were orally treated with a dosage of Roundup® (250 mg/kg) and Gramoxone® (5 mg/kg) respectively, from the 29th day of their age to 89th day. Control animals were administered with distilled water. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples and thyroid lobes were collected for estimation of thyroid hormones and histopathological changes, respectively. The function of the thyroid gland was evaluated by estimating thyroid hormones (thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine) level, and the structure of the thyroid gland was assessed by observing histopathological changes. The treated group’s results were compared with the control group. Findings: Non-significant increase in thyroid stimulating hormone and a significant decrease in thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels, as well as moderate desquamation of cells into the follicular lumen and cellular infiltration in thyroid structure were observed. Results of this study provide evidence on histopathological changes in the thyroid gland along with the decrease in thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels on exposure to Roundup® and Gramoxone®. Roundup® is less thyrotoxic compared to Gramoxone®. Applications: Ignoring the guidelines of the Insecticide Boards and manufacturer’s instructions, Roundup® and Gramoxone® formulations are indiscriminately used for immediate weed killing. The human population is exposed to constituents of herbicide formulations through the air, water, and food. In this context, the result of the present study suggests that exposure to Roundup® and Gramoxone® formulations can be a risk to thyroid damage.

Keywords: Herbicide; Roundup®; Gramoxone®; Thyroid Hormones; Histopathology; thyrotoxic

References

  1. Kim J, Gosnell JE, Roman SA. Geographic influences in the global rise of thyroid cancer. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2020;16(1):17–29. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0263-x
  3. Cock Md, Boer MRd, Lamoree M, Legler J, Bor Mvd. Prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in relation to thyroid hormone levels in infants – a Dutch prospective cohort study. Environmental Health. 2014;13(1):106–111. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069x-13-106
  4. Coperchini F, Awwad O, Rotondi M, Santini F, Imbriani M, Chiovato L. Thyroid disruption by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 2017;40(2):105–121. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40618-016-0572-z
  5. Liu S, Zhao G, Li J, Zhao H, Wang Y, Chen J, et al. Association of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PBDEs) serum levels with thyroid function in thyroid cancer patients. Environmental Research. 2017;11(159):1–8. Available from: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.042
  6. Mughal BB, Demeneix BA. Flame retardants and increased risk of thyroid cancer. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2017;13(11):627–628. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.123
  7. Stojsavljević A, Rovčanin B, Krstić Đ, Jagodić J, Borković-Mitić S, Paunović I, et al. Cadmium as main endocrine disruptor in papillary thyroid carcinoma and the significance of Cd/Se ratio for thyroid tissue pathophysiology. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2019;9(55):190–195. Available from: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.06.009
  8. Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, Hauser R, Prins GS, Soto AM, et al. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. Endocrine Reviews. 2009;30(4):293–342. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2009-0002
  12. Directorate of Weed Research (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) National research Centre for Weed Science, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh Vision 2025. 2015. Available from: https://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1200/1/DWSR-VISION-2050.pdf
  13. Orton F, Lutz I, Kloas W, Routledge EJ. Endocrine Disrupting Effects of Herbicides and Pentachlorophenol: In Vitro and in Vivo Evidence. Environmental Science & Technology. 2009;43(6):2144–2150. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es8028928
  14. Araújo-Ramos ATd, Passoni MT, Romano MA, Romano RM, Martino-Andrade AJ. Controversies on Endocrine and Reproductive Effects of Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides: A Mini-Review. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2021;12(627210). Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.627210
  15. Romano RM, Oliveira JMd, Oliveira VMd, Oliveira IMd, Torres YR, Bargi-Souza P, et al. Could Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Be Associated With Increased Thyroid Diseases Worldwide? Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2021;12(627167). Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.627167
  16. Manservisi F, Lesseur C, Panzacchi S, Mandrioli D, Falcioni L, Bua L, et al. The Ramazzini Institute 13-week pilot study glyphosate-based herbicides administered at human-equivalent dose to Sprague Dawley rats: effects on development and endocrine system. Environmental Health. 2019;3(18). Available from: 10.1186/s12940-019-0453-y
  17. Hamdaoui L, Oudadesse H, Lefeuvre B, Mahmoud A, Naifer M, Badraoui R, et al. Sub-chronic exposure to Kalach 360 SL, Glyphosate-based Herbicide, induced bone rarefaction in female Wistar rats. Toxicology. 2020;4(436). Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2020.152412
  18. Zhang J, Zhao C, Shi F, Zhang S, Wang S, Feng X. Melatonin alleviates the deterioration of oocytes and hormonal disorders from mice subjected to glyphosate. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 2020;520(111073). Available from: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111073
  19. Souza JSd, Kizys MML, Conceição RRd, Glebocki G, Romano RM, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, et al. Perinatal exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide alters the thyrotrophic axis and causes thyroid hormone homeostasis imbalance in male rats. Toxicology. 2017;377(2):25–37. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2016.11.005
  20. Chiamolera MI, Wondisford FE. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and the Thyroid Hormone Feedback Mechanism. Endocrinology. 2009;150(3):1091–1096. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-1795
  21. Harris ARC, Christianson D, Smith MS, Fang SL, Braverman LE, Vagenakis AG. The Physiological Role of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Regulation of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Prolactin Secretion in the Rat. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1978;61(2):441–448. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci108955
  22. Kongtip P, Nankongnab N, Kallayanatham N, Pundee R, Choochouy N, Yimsabai J, et al. Thyroid Hormones in Conventional and Organic Farmers in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019;2019(16). Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152704
  23. Goldner WS, Sandler DP, Yu F, Hoppin JA, Kamel F. LeVan Tricia D. Pesticide Use and Thyroid Disease Among Women in the Agricultural Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2010;4(171):455–464. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp404
  24. Mesnage R, Bernay B, Séralini GE. Ethoxylated adjuvants of glyphosate-based herbicides are active principles of human cell toxicity. Toxicology. 2013;313(2-3):122–128. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2012.09.006
  26. Cavalli VLdLO, Cattani D, Rieg CEH, Pierozan P, Zanatta L, Parisotto EB, et al. Roundup disrupts male reproductive functions by triggering calcium-mediated cell death in rat testis and Sertoli cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2013;65:335–346. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.043
  27. Cochemé HM, Murphy MP. Chapter 22. The uptake and interactions of the redox cycler paraquat with mitochondria. Methods in Enzymology. 2009;456:395–417. Available from: 10.1016/S0076-6879(08)04422-4
  28. Soundarrajan M, Kopp PA. Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Physiology. In: Thyroid Disease and Reproduction. (pp. 1-17) 2019.

Copyright

© 2021 Phusate. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Published By Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee)

  • 16 July 2021

Year: 2021, Volume: 14, Issue: 24

Article Metrics


Post Graduate Fellowship in Research Communication

More articles

DON'T MISS OUT!

Subscribe now for latest articles and news.