• P-ISSN 0974-6846 E-ISSN 0974-5645

Indian Journal of Science and Technology

Article

COVID-19 outbreak: An overview and India’s perspectives on the management of infection
  • VIEWS 1268
  • PDF 660

Indian Journal of Science and Technology

DOI: 10.17485/IJST/v13i36.1116

Year: 2020, Volume: 13, Issue: 36, Pages: 3716-3724

Original Article

COVID-19 outbreak: An overview and India’s perspectives on the management of infection

Venkadapathi Jeyanthi1*, Govindarajan Venkat Kumar2

1Department of Biotechnology, SRM Arts and Science College,, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India. Tel.: +91-9677700389
2Department of Biotechnology, Ponnaiyah Ramajayam Institute of Science and Technology, Thanjavur, 613403, Tamil Nadu, India

*Corresponding Author
Tel: +91-9677700389
Email: [email protected]

Received Date:10 July 2020, Accepted Date:05 September 2020, Published Date:06 October 2020

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

Objectives: To provide an overview of COVID-19 including epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, antiviral agents, prevention and risk management strategies in India. Methods: The inclusion criteria for this study were Indian population. The article discusses the COVID-19 confirmed cases, recovered and death cases from March, 2020 to till date in the Indian population. People who have been tested COVID-19 positive with aymptomatic or mild to moderate symptoms. Exclusion criteria consisted of patients with previous history of respiratory disease or other pneumonia. Findings: For the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection, RT-PCR was found to be the most sensitive method. A Serological test used to detect the presence of SARSCoV-2 antibodies present in blood serum. In India, self-quarantine and physical distancing was found to be the effective way to prevent the spread of infection.Few clinically approved repurposing drugs such as Favipiravir, Remdesivir,Lopinavir/ Ritonavir, Hydroxychloroquine (or chloroquine) and Dexamethasone were entered into clinical trial in human. Improvement: This study will also help to raise awareness of the current pandemic among primary and secondary health care providers. Simultaneously, our review also focuses on the most up-to-date COVID-19 cases and risk management strategies in India. It also highlighted about vaccines that are being developed by various countries including India against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The clinical trials are ongoing with promising outcomes against this pandemic disease.

Keywords: COVID19; epidemiology; pathogenesis; diagnosis; antiviral agents;management

References

  1. Gennaro FD, Pizzol D, Marotta C, Antunes M, Racalbuto V, Veronese N, et al. Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) Current Status and Future Perspectives: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(8):2690. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082690
  3. Hassan S, Sheikh FN, Jamal S, Ezeh JK, Akhtar A, Coronavirus. COVID-19): A review of clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. Cureus. 2020;12(3):7355. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmo.2020.12220
  4. Sahin A, Erdogan A, Agaoglu PM, Dineri Y, Cakirci A, Senel M, et al. Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak: A review of the current literature. EJMO. 2019;4:1–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmo.2020.12220
  5. Chang L, Yan Y, Wang L. Coronavirus disease 2019: Coronaviruses and blood safety. Transfus Med Rev. 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmrv.2020.02.003
  7. Bogoch II, Watts A, Thomas-Bachli A, Huber C, Kraemer MUG, Khan K. Pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan, China: potential for international spread via commercial air travel. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2020;27(2). Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa008
  8. Krishnakumar B, Rana S. COVID 19 in INDIA: Strategies to combat from combination threat of life and livelihood. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 2020;53(3):389–391. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.024
  9. Kaushik S, Kaushik S, Sharma Y, Kumar R, Yadav JP. The Indian perspective of COVID-19 outbreak. VirusDisease. 2020;31(2):146–153. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13337-020-00587-x
  10. Gralinski EL, Menachery DV. Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses. 2020;12(2). Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12020135
  11. Yi Y, Lagniton NPP, Ye S, Li E, Xu RH. COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2020;16(10):1753–1766. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45134
  12. Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, et al. Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(10):970–971. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmc2001468
  14. Barcena M, Oostergetel GT, Bartelink W, Faas FGA, Verkleij A, Rottier PJM, et al. Cryo-electron tomography of mouse hepatitis virus: Insights into the structure of the coronavirion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009;106(2):582–587. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805270106
  15. Groot RJd, Luytjes W, Horzinek MC, Zeijst BAMvd, Spaan WJM, Lenstra JA. Evidence for a coiled-coil structure in the spike proteins of coronaviruses. Journal of Molecular Biology. 1987;196(4):963–966. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(87)90422-0
  16. Nal B, Chan C, Kien F, Siu L, Tse J, Chu K, et al. Differential maturation and subcellular localization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus surface proteins S, M and E. Journal of General Virology. 2005;86(5):1423–1434. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80671-0
  17. Nieto-Torres JL, DeDiego ML, Verdiá-Báguena C, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Regla-Nava JA, Fernandez-Delgado R, et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Envelope Protein Ion Channel Activity Promotes Virus Fitness and Pathogenesis. PLoS Pathogens. 2014;10(5). Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004077
  18. Chang CK, Sue SC, Yu TH, Hsieh CM, Tsai CK, Chiang YC, et al. Modular organization of SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. J Biomed Sci. 2006;13(1):59–72. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11373-005-9035-9
  19. Klausegger A, Strobl B, Regl G, Kaser A, Luytjes W, Vlasak R. Identification of a Coronavirus Hemagglutinin-Esterase with a Substrate Specificity Different from Those of Influenza C Virus and Bovine Coronavirus. Journal of Virology. 1999;73(5):3737–3743. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.5.3737-3743.1999
  20. Kumar GV, Jeyanthi V, Ramakrishnan S. A short review on antibody therapy for COVID-19. New Microbes and New Infections. 2020;35. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100682
  21. Tai W, He L, Zhang X, Pu J, Voronin D, Jiang S, et al. Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine. Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 2020;17(6):613–620. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0400-4
  23. Rothan AH, Byrareddy NS. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity. 2020;109. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
  24. Yin Y, Wunderink GR. MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology. 2018;23(2):130–137. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/resp.13196
  26. Khanna R, Cicinelli M, Gilbert S, Honavar S, Murthy GV. COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned and future directions. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2020;68(5):703. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijo.ijo_843_20
  27. Wang W, Tang J, Wei F. Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):441–447. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25689
  28. Chatterjee P, Nagi N, Agarwal A, Das B, Banerjee S, Sarkar S, et al. The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: A review of the current evidence. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2020;0(0). Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_519_20
  29. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(20):30183–30188. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736 (20)30183-5
  30. Lei J, Li J, Li X, Qi X. CT imaging of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia. Radiology. 2020;295(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200236
  31. Cheng CCV, Lau KPS, Woo CYP, Yuen KY. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus as an Agent of Emerging and Reemerging Infection. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2007;20(4):660–694. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00023-07
  33. Emery SL, Erdman DD, Bowen MD, Newton BR, Winchell JM, Meyer RF. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for SARS-associated coronavirus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(2):311–316. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1002.030759
  34. Chan KH, Cheng VCC, Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Poon LLM, Guan Y, et al. Serological Responses in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection and Cross-Reactivity with Human Coronaviruses 229E, OC43, and NL63. Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2005;12(11):1317–1321. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.12.11.1317-1321.2005
  35. Chan P, Ng KC, Chan R, Lam RKY, Chow VCY, Hui M. Immunofluorescence assay for serologic diagnosis of SARS. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(3):530–532. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1003.030493
  36. Singhal T. A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) Indian J Pediatr. 2020;87(4):281–286. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6
  37. Loeffelholz MJ, Tang YW. Laboratory diagnosis of emerging human coronavirus infections – the state of the art. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2020;9(1):747–756. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1745095
  38. Gautret P, Lagier J, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Mailhe M. Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: Results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
  40. Dong L, Hu S, Gao J. Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics. 2020;14(1):58–60. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.5582/ddt.2020.01012
  41. Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M. Remdesivir and Chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019- nCoV) in Vitro. Cell Res. 2020;30(3):269–271. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0
  42. Harrison C. Coronavirus puts drug repurposing on the fast track. Nat Biotechnol. 2020;38(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41587-020-00003-1
  43. Kaushik A, Gupta S, Sood M. COVID-19 Pandemic in India: What Lies Ahead-Letter to the Editor. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2020;35(3):380–381. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12291-020-00899-1
  45. Gordon JC, Tchesnokov PE, Woolner E, Perry KJ, Feng YJ, Porter PD, et al. Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potency. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2020;295(20):6785–6797. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra120.013679
  47. Smee DF, Hurst BL, Egawa H, Takahashi K, Kadota T, Furuta Y. Intracellular metabolism of favipiravir (T-705) in uninfected and influenza A (H5N1) virus-infected cells. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2009;64(4):741–746. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkp274
  48. Neumann-Böhme S, Varghese NE, Sabat I, Barros PP, Brouwer W, Exel Jv, et al. Once we have it, will we use it? A European survey on willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19. The European Journal of Health Economics. 2020;21(7):977–982. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-020-01208-6
  50. Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Palaga T. Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020;38(1):1–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.12932/ap-200220-0772
  51. Le TT, Andreadakis Z, Kumar A, Román RG, Tollefsen S, Saville M, et al. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2020;19(5):305–306. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5
  52. Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2020;104(3):246–251. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022
  53. Zhai P, Ding Y, Wu X, Long J, Zhong Y, Li Y. The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(5):105955. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105955
  56. Mitra P, Misra S, Sharma P. COVID-19 Pandemic in India: What Lies Ahead. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2020;35(3):257–259. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12291-020-00886-6
  57. Deshmukh SG, Haleem A. Framework for Manufacturing in Post-COVID-19 World Order: An Indian Perspective. International Journal of Global Business and Competitiveness. 2020;15(1):49–60. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42943-020-00009-1

Copyright

© 2020 Jeyanthi & Kumar.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Published By Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee).

  • 05 October 2020

Year: 2020, Volume: 13, Issue: 36

Article Metrics


Post Graduate Fellowship in Research Communication

More articles

DON'T MISS OUT!

Subscribe now for latest articles and news.