Extraction and Characterization of Chitosan from the Shell Wastes of Indian Shrimp Using Different Methods of Deacetylation

Hemamala Selvaraj; Kiruthiga Periyannan; S Balachandar

doi:10.17485/IJST/v16i15.2040

Article

Extraction and Characterization of Chitosan from the Shell Wastes of Indian Shrimp Using Different Methods of Deacetylation

VIEWS 717
PDF 743

Indian Journal of Science and Technology

DOI: 10.17485/IJST/v16i15.2040

Year: 2023, Volume: 16, Issue: 15, Pages: 1118-1125

Original Article

Extraction and Characterization of Chitosan from the Shell Wastes of Indian Shrimp Using Different Methods of Deacetylation

Hemamala Selvaraj^1*, Kiruthiga Periyannan¹, S Balachandar²

¹Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Rathnavel Subramaniam College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
²Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Rathnavel Subramaniam College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

*Corresponding Author
Email: [email protected]

Received Date:17 October 2022, Accepted Date:14 March 2023, Published Date:17 April 2023

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

Objectives: Shrimps are a good source of chitosan, a deacetylated form of chitin, which has several medical and industrial applications. We aimed to convert waste shrimp shells to high-value chitosan product. Methods: The waste shells of the Indian shrimp, Fenneropeanus indicus were collected from Ukkadam market, Coimbatore, India, and they were subjected to demineralisation, deproteination, and deacetylation under different concentrations of NaOH, at varying temperatures. The derived chitosan was named as LAHT SCS (low alkali high temperature shrimp chitosan), HAHT SCS (high alkali high temperature shrimp chitosan), or HART SCS (high alkali room temperature shrimp chitosan), based on the treatment. Findings: The extracted chitosan samples were evaluated for physical characteristics such as moisture, ash content, and degree of deacetylation (DD). In addition, they were subjected to Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The HAHT SCS sample was completely soluble in 1% acetic acid and the degree of deacetylation (DD) was higher than that of standard chitosan; the crystallinity was 71%. Therefore, the extraction method employing a higher concentration of alkali (60%) and a higher deacetylation temperature (120◦C) for a long duration enhanced the solubility, conferred a higher DD (>70%), a higher crystallinity index (>60%), and less amount of ash content; all these indicate the higher quality of the sample. Among the three samples, HAHT SCS is promising for pharmaceutical and other medical applications. Novelty: The extraction of good quality chitosan from the Indian shrimp wastes was standardized. The chitosan has medicinal and industrial applications. In addition, this would reduce the pollution from improperly discarded shrimp wastes.

Keywords: CrI; Chitosan; Chitin; Shrimp; Degree of deacetylation; X-ray diffraction; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

References

Kozma M, Acharya B, Bissessur R. Chitin, Chitosan, and Nanochitin: Extraction, Synthesis, and Applications. Polymers. 2019;14(19):3989. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14193989
Gulati R, Sharma S, Sharma RK. Antimicrobial textile: recent developments and functional perspective. Polymer Bulletin. 2022;79(8):5747–5771. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-021-03826-3
Faqir Y, Ma J, Chai Y. Chitosan in modern agriculture production. Plant, Soil and Environment. 2021;67(12):679–699. Available from: https://doi.org/10.17221/332/2021-PSE
Grgac SFF, Tarbuk A, Dekanić T, Sujka W, Draczyński Z. The Chitosan Implementation into Cotton and Polyester/Cotton Blend Fabrics. Materials. 2020;13(7):1616. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071616
Kianirad S, Haddadi M, Saghafi MJ, Adibi M. Applications of chitosan in the field of medicine. Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine. 2021;(S1) 15. Available from: https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/applications-of-chitosan-in-the-field-of-medicine-66074.html
Export performance . Available from: https://mpeda.gov.in/?page_id=9480
Zubair M, Arshad M, Ullah A. Chitosan-based materials for water and wastewater treatment. Handbook of Chitin and Chitosan. 2020;p. 773–809. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817966-6.00025-X
Eddya M, Tbib B, El-Hami K. A comparison of chitosan properties after extraction from shrimp shells by diluted and concentrated acids. Heliyon. 2020;6(2):e03486. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03486
Singh A, Benjakul S, Prodpran T. Ultrasound‐Assisted Extraction of Chitosan from Squid Pen: Molecular Characterization and Fat Binding Capacity. Journal of Food Science. 2019;84(2):224–234. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.14439
Hao G, Hu Y, Shi L, Chen J, Cui A, Weng W, et al. Physicochemical characteristics of chitosan from swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) shells prepared by subcritical water pretreatment. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81318-0
Roberts GAF, Domszy JG. Determination of the viscometric constants for chitosan. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 1982;4(6):374–377. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-8130(82)90074-5
Brugnerotto J, Lizardi J, Goycoolea FM, Argüelles-Monal W, Desbrières J, Rinaudo M. An infrared investigation in relation with chitin and chitosan characterization. Polymer. 2001;42(8):713–721. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00713-8
Santos VP, Maia P, Alencar NDS, Farias L, Andrade RFS, Souza D, et al. Recovery of chitin and chitosan from shrimp waste with microwave technique and versatile application. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico. 2019;86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1808-1657000982018
Öğretmen ÖY, Karsli B, Çağlak E. Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Chitosan from Pink Shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) Shell Wastes. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;28(3):490–500. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.861909
Mittal A, Singh A, Aluko RE, Benjakul S. Pacific white shrimp ( <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> ) shell chitosan and the conjugate with epigallocatechin gallate: Antioxidative and antimicrobial activities. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2021;45(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13569
Abirami S, Nagarajan D, Samrot AV, Varsini A, Sugasini A, Anand DA. Extraction, Characterization, and Utilization of Shrimp Waste Chitin Derived Chitosan in Antimicrobial Activity, Seed Germination, Preservative, and Microparticle Formulation. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry. 2021;11(2):8725–8739. Available from: https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC112.87258739
Varma R, Vasudevan S. Extraction, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan from Horse Mussel <i>Modiolus modiolus</i>. ACS Omega. 2020;5(32):20224–20230. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c01903
Yu Y, Liu X, Miao J, Leng K. Chitin from Antarctic krill shell: Eco-preparation, detection, and characterization. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020;164:4125–4137. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.244
Rasweefali MK, Sabu S, Sunooj KV, Sasidharan A, Xavier KAM. Consequences of chemical deacetylation on physicochemical, structural and functional characteristics of chitosan extracted from deep-sea mud shrimp. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications. 2021;2:100032. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2020.100032
Olaosebikan AO, Kehinde OA, Tolulase OA, Victor EB. Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from Callinectes amnicola and Penaeus notialis shell wastes. Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science. 2021;12(1):1–30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5897/jcems2020.0353
Hossain S, Uddin MK. Isolation and extraction of chitosan from shrimp shells. International Journal of Advanced Research. 2020;8(9):657–664. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/11704

Copyright

© 2023 Selvaraj et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Published By Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee)