• P-ISSN 0974-6846 E-ISSN 0974-5645

Indian Journal of Science and Technology

Article

A study of risk factors associated with essential Hypertension in an urban population of North East India
  • VIEWS 1086
  • PDF 317

Indian Journal of Science and Technology

DOI: 10.17485/IJST/v13i18.410

Year: 2020, Volume: 13, Issue: 18, Pages: 1840-1847

Original Article

A study of risk factors associated with essential Hypertension in an urban population of North East India

Krishna Gogoi1∗, Manab Deka2 , Jharna Das1 , Amal Dev Goswami3

1 Research Scholar, Department of Bioengineering & Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, India. Tel.: +91-9864015831
2 Professor and Director GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, India
3 Physician, Department of Medicine, NEMCARE Hospital, Guwahati, 781005, India

∗Corresponding author:
Krishna Gogoi
Research Scholar, Department of Bioengineering & Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, India.
Tel: +91-9864015831
Email: [email protected] 

Received Date:26 April 2020, Accepted Date:19 May 2020, Published Date:17 June 2020

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

Objectives: To assess the impact of sociodemographic factors, lifestyle habits and lipid profile, associated with development of Essential Hypertension in an urban population of North-Eastern region of India. Materials & Methods: Hypertension was defined as per Clinical Practice guidelines 2017. A total number of 400 subjects – 200 normotensive and 200 hypertensives were enrolled in this case-control study. The subjects underwent Blood Pressure measurement, anthropometric measurements and Electrocardiography. Detailed sociodemographic data, medical history and personal history were noted. Serum lipid profile was estimated for all the subjects. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSSvs16. Findings: Among the 200 Normotensives 69 (17.2%) had elevated BP. In the Essential Hypertensive group 24 (6%) were Stage 1 and 176 (44%) were stage 2 hypertensives. A statistically significant number of 88% (176) hypertensive subjects were above 40 years of age (p value <0.001). Among the socio-demographic factors high risk of hypertension was associated with gender male [OR 1.59 (1.064, 2.402)], Body Mass Index≥25 [OR 2.98(1.986, 4.497)], sedentary work activity [OR 8.3 (5.124, 13.48)], extra salt intake [OR 1.99 (1.165, 2.584)], alcohol [OR 1.99 (1.084, 3.683)] and tobacco users [OR 2.1(1.374, 3.187)]. The serum lipids Cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl, triglycerides ≥150 mg/dl, Low Density Lipoproteins ≥100 mg/dl and cholesterol: High Density Lipoprotein ratio >3 was significantly associated with hypertension. Conclusion: The present study highlights the association of age, high BMI, sedentary habits, consumption of extra salt, alcohol, tobacco use and dyslipidemia as major risk factors associated with Essential Hypertensive subjects in urban adults in Assam. Novelty: The study highlights the different predictors of Essential Hypertension in North Eastern Indian urban adults.

Keywords: Essential hypertension; Blood pressure; Overweight; Extra salt intake; Serum lipids; Sedentary activity

References

  2. Beevers G, Lip GY, &apos;brien O, E. ABC of hypertension: The pathophysiology of hypertension. British Medical Journal. 2001;322(7291):912–918. doi: 10.1136/bmj.322.7291.912
  4. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report 4.National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel. Executive summary of the (NCEP) on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Circulation. 2002;106:3143–3421.
  5. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of American College of Cardiology. 2019;73(24):3168–3209. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.002
  6. Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, Yuan YD, Yang YB, Yan YQ, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan. Allergy. 2020;00:1–12. doi: 10.1111/all.14238
  7. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical Course and Risk Factors for Mortality of Adult Inpatients With COVID19 in Wuhan, China: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):30566–30569. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
  8. Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(4):e21. doi: 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30116-8
  9. Vaduganathan M, Vardeny O, Michel T, McMurray JJV, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System Inhibitors in Patients with Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(17):1653–1659. doi: 10.1056/nejmsr2005760
  11. Nadkar E, MY. Epidemiology of hypertension: Indian guidelines on hypertension (I.G.H.) - III. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 2013;61(2):12–13. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24475694
  12. Anchala R, Kannuri NK, Pant H, Khan H, Franco OH, Angelantonio D, et al. Hypertension in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension. Journal of Hypertension. 2014;32(6):1170–1177. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000146
  14. Bhansali A, Dhandania V, Deepa M. Prevalence of and risk factors for hypertension in urban and rural India: the ICMR-INDIAB study. J Human Hypertension. 2015;29:204–209. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2014.57
  16. Hazarika NC, Narain K, Biswas D, Kalita HC, Mahanta J. Hypertension In The Native Rural Population Of Assam. National Medical Journal of India. 2004;17:300–304. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15736549
  18. Yadav S, Boddula R, Genitta G, Bhatia V, Bansal B, Kongara S, et al. Prevalence & risk factors of pre-hypertension & hypertension in an affluent north Indian population. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2008;128:712–720.
  19. Vartiainen E, Pekkanen J, Koskinen S, Jousilahti P, Salomaa V, Puska P. Do changes in cardiovascular risk factors explain the increasing socioeconomic difference in mortality from ischaemic heart disease in Finland? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 1998;52(7):416–419. doi: 10.1136/jech.52.7.416
  20. Goyal R, Sarwate N. A correlative study of hypertension with lipid profile. International Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences. 2014;2(2):143–150.
  21. Choudhury KN, Mainuddin AK, MW, Islam SM. Serum lipid profile and its association with hypertension in Bangladesh. Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2014;10:327. doi: 10.2147/vhrm.s61019
  22. Onwubuya EI, Anisiuba BC, Osuji CU, Ahaneku JE. Changes in Lipids and Lipoprotein Indices in Relation to the Severity of Hypertension in Newly Diagnosed Hypertensive Nigerians. ISRN Cardiology. 2012;2012:1–7. doi: 10.5402/2012/972341
  24. Bharati D, Nandi P, Yamuna T, Lokeshmaran A, Agarwal L, Singh J, et al. Prevalence and Covariates of Undiagnosed Hypertension in the Adult Population of Puducherry, South India. Nepal Journal of Epidemiology. 2012;2(2):191–99. doi: 10.3126/nje.v2i2.6576
  25. Shukla AN, Madan T, Thakkar BM, Parmar MM, Shah KH. Prevalence and Predictors of Undiagnosed Hypertension in an Apparently Healthy Western Indian Population. Advances in Epidemiology. 2015;2015:1–5. doi: 10.1155/2015/649184
  26. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 Report. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003;289(19):2560–2571. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.19.2560
  27. Gupta R. Trends in hypertension epidemiology in India. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2004;18(2):73–78. doi: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001633
  29. Manimunda SP, Sugunan AP, Benegal V, Balakrishna N, Rao MV, Pesala KS. Association of hypertension with risk factors & hypertension related behaviour among the aboriginal Nicobarese tribe living in Car Nicobar Island, India. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2011;133:287–293.
  31. Pandey A, Patni N, Sarangi S, Singh M, Sharma K, Vellimana AK, et al. Association of exclusive smokeless tobacco consumption with hypertension in an adult male rural population of India. Tobacco Induced Diseases. 2009;5(1):1–5. doi: 10.1186/1617-9625-5-15
  32. DS, Aeri BT. Risk Factors Associated with the Increasing Cardiovascular Diseases Prevalence in India: A Review. Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences. 2014;05(01):1–6. doi: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000331

Copyright

© 2020 Gogoi, Deka, Das, Goswami. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Published By Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee) 

  • 17 June 2020

Year: 2020, Volume: 13, Issue: 18

Article Metrics


Post Graduate Fellowship in Research Communication

More articles

DON'T MISS OUT!

Subscribe now for latest articles and news.