Political speeches and media agenda: electoral rigging movement — 2013 as a building factor of media agenda in Pakistan

Muhammad Usman Saeed; Muhammad Zahid Bilal; Muhammad Riaz Raza

doi:10.17485/IJST/v13i24.387

Article

Political speeches and media agenda: electoral rigging movement — 2013 as a building factor of media agenda in Pakistan

VIEWS 1435
PDF 286

Indian Journal of Science and Technology

DOI: 10.17485/IJST/v13i24.387

Year: 2020, Volume: 13, Issue: 24, Pages: 2436-2445

Review Article

Political speeches and media agenda: electoral rigging movement — 2013 as a building factor of media agenda in Pakistan

Muhammad Usman Saeed^1*, Muhammad Zahid Bilal², Muhammad Riaz Raza³

¹School of Media & Communication Studies, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
²Department of Media and Communication, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
³Department of Media Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan

^*Corresponding author
Email: [email protected]

Received Date:23 April 2020, Accepted Date:16 June 2020, Published Date:09 July 2020

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

Objectives: To explore the relationship of Pakistani Political Leader Imran Khan Speeches and newspapers agenda examining the coverage of electoral rigging issue which gained the momentum of a movement in Pakistan during post elections 2013 against the then siting government of Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz's (PML-N). Method: The study takes its roots from the network agenda setting model. It aims to study the model in the context of agenda building in Pakistan. Social Network Analysis technique was used to analyze the data collected from two sources including: Live speeches of movement leader, Imran Khan and coverage of three leading Urdu dailies of Pakistan; Express, Dunya and Jang to explore the relationship among these agenda setting networks. Firstly, we performed content analysis of 128 speeches of Imran Khan, 964 news stories and 239 editorials of sample newspapers. Secondly, we turned data into matrices and applied network analysis techniques with the help of UCINet and NetDraw software. Findings: QAP Correlation indicates strong association among, Imran Khan Speeches and newspapers agenda. However, these associations are different for two issues; Electoral rigging, and PML-N rigging. Imran Khan influenced the media agenda more for shaping the image of elections-2013 as unfair and rigged. On the other hand, his speeches were found less influential in shaping media agenda about the involvement of PML-N in electoral rigging. In this way, study reveals that third level agenda building effects depend upon the political nature of issues.

Keywords: Third level agenda building; political speeches; electoral rigging; Pakistan elections-2013; social network analysis

References

Graber DA, Smith JM. Political Communication Faces the 21st Century. Journal of Communication. 2005;55(3):479–507. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02682.x
Baran S, Davis D. Mass communication theory: Foundations, ferment, and future. Boston: Wadsworth. 2010.
Mcquail D. McQuail's mass communication theory. (Vol. 6) Washington. Sage publications. 2010.
Sheafer T, Weimann G. Agenda Building, Agenda Setting, Priming, Individual Voting Intentions, and the Aggregate Results: An Analysis of Four Israeli Elections. Journal of Communication. 2005;55(2):347–365. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02676.x
Walgrave S, Soroka S, Nuytemans M. The mass media's political agenda-setting power: A longitudinal analysis of media, parliament, and government in Belgium. Comparative Political Studies. 1993;41(6):814–836. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414006299098
Dunaway J, Branton RP, Abrajano MA. Agenda Setting, Public Opinion, and the Issue of Immigration Reform. Social Science Quarterly. 2010;91(2):359–378. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00697.x
Muin MJ. Agenda-setting theory and the role of the media in shaping public opinion for the Iraq war. Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Agenda-Setting-Theory-and-the-Role-of-the-Media-in-Muin/1144c7dd6980763b3e068788b567953ca3b2315d
Lee JH, Hahn KT. Factors influencing the agenda-setting effects of newspapers on their subscribers: A multi-level analysis. 미디어 경제와 문화. 2014;12(1):192–233.
McCombs M. A Look at Agenda-setting: past, present and future. Journalism Studies. 2005;6(4):543–557. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616700500250438
Berdahl L, Soroka SN. Agenda-Setting Dynamics in Canada. Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques. 2003;29(2):274. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3552463
Rill LA, Davis CB. Testing the Second Level of Agenda Setting: Effects of News Frames on Reader-Assigned Attributes of Hezbollah and Israel in the 2006 War in Lebanon. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 2008;85(3):609–624. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769900808500308
Seltzer T, Dittmore SW. Down, Set, Frame: Second-Level Agenda Building and the NFL Network Carriage Dispute. International Journal of Sport Communication. 2009;2(3):340–359. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2.3.340
Wirth W, Matthes J, Schemer C, Wettstein M, Friemel T, Hänggli R, et al. Agenda Building and Setting in a Referendum Campaign: Investigating the Flow of Arguments among Campaigners, the Media, and the Public. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 2010;87(2):328–345. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769901008700207
Zhang C, Meadows I, Cw. International coverage, foreign policy, and national image: Exploring the complexities of media coverage, public opinion, and presidential agenda. International Journal of Communication. 2012;6:76–95.
Guo L, Mccombs M. A third level of media effects. In: Annual conference of the International Communication Association. .
Guo L, Mccombs M. Toward the third level of agenda setting theory: A network agenda setting model. annual convention of the Association for Education in. Journalism & Mass Communication St Louis, Missouri. 2011.
Guo L. The application of social network analysis in agenda setting research: A methodological exploration. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 2012;56(4):616–647.
Vargo CJ, Guo L, McCombs M, Shaw DL. Network Issue Agendas on Twitter During the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election. Journal of Communication. 2014;64(2):296–316. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12089
Vu HT, Guo L, McCombs ME. Exploring “the World Outside and the Pictures in Our Heads”. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 2014;91:669–686. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077699014550090
Cheng Y, Chan CM. The third level of agenda setting in contemporary China: Tracking descriptions of moral and national education (MNE) in media coverage and people’s minds. International journal of Communication. 2015;9:1090–107.
Gandy OH. Beyond agenda setting: Information subsidies and public policy. New Jersey. Ablex Publishing Corporation. 1982.
Berkowitz D, Adams DB. Information Subsidy and Agenda-Building in Local Television News. Journalism Quarterly. 1990;67(4):723–731. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909006700426
Lang GE, Watergate LK. An exploration of the agenda-building process. In: WC, BD., eds. Mass Communication Review Yearbook. 2. Beverly Hills. (pp. 447-68) Sage Publishers. 1991.
Akpabio E. Towards a Public Relations’ Agenda Setting Theory. Journal of Social Sciences. 2005;11(3):173–176. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2005.11892510
Kiousis S, Laskin A, Kim JY. Congressional agenda-building: examining the influence of congressional communications from the speaker of the House. Public Relations Journal. 2011;5(1):1–14.
Saffer A. Intermedia agenda building of the blogosphere: Public relations role in the network. Institute for Public Relations. Available from: http://wwwinstituteforprorg/intermedia-agenda-building-of-the-blogoshpere-publicrelations-role-in-the-network.2013
Sciarini P, Tresch A. Does partisan politics matter? Moderators of the media's agenda-setting power in Switzerland. Available from: http://ecpr.eu/filestore/paperproposal/07691d32-ca58-4d05-96fb-ea3ebad32aaf.pdf
Parmelee JH. The agenda-building function of political tweets. New Media & Society. 2014;16(3):434–450. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444813487955
Kiousis S, Kim JY, Ragas M, Wheat G, Kochhar S, Svensson E, et al. Exploring New Frontiers of Agenda Building During the 2012 US Presidential Election Pre-Convention Period. Journalism Studies. 2015;16(3):363–382. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2014.906930
Riaz S. The Relationship between the Public and Print Media Agendas on National Issues in Pakistan (A Study of the Agenda Setting Role of Print Media in Pakistan. Allama Iqbal Open University thesis
Mahsud N, Hassan S, Yaser N, Ishtiaq T. Private Channels’ Coverage to NRO and Viewers’ Perceptions. Berkeley Journal of Social Sciences. 2011;1(10).
JM. Print Media On Coverage of Political Parties in Pakistan: Treatment of Opinion Pages of The ‘Dawn’and ‘News' Gomal University Journal of Research. 2013;29(1):118–146.
Raza SH, Awan SM. Discourse Analysis of Coverage Regarding Drone Attacks: A study of Pakistani Print Media. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS). 2013;33(2):379–88.
Ambreen Q. Representation of Religious Minorities in Pakistani Print Media: a study of Daily Dawn, the News and the Nation. American International Journal of Contemporary Research. 2014;4(1):140–56.
Yousaf Z, Zia A, AE. Portrayal of Pak-China Relations in Elite Press of Pakistan, China, India and the United States. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2014;22(6):870–878.
Pakistan G. he New Tide of Voter Turn-out: Report on Voter Turn-out in Pakistan’s National Election: 2013. Available from: http://gallup.com.pk/election/Report1.pdf
European Union. 2013. Available from: http://www.eueom.eu/files/dmfile/eom-pakistan-preliminary-statement-13052013-en.pdf
Shafiq M, Sultana R, Munir M. Political Rhetoric; Slogan Politics in Pakistan and Role of Parliament. FWU Journal of Social Sciences. 2017;11(2):26–38.
Commission I. Final Report of the General Elections-2013. Judicial Commission Report. Available from: www.molaw.gov.pk
Shah KM, Shareen S, General P. Oberver Research Foundaation Pakistan General Elections 2018: Analysis of Results and Implications. 2018. Available from: https://www.orfonline.org/research/pakistan-general-elections-2018-analysis-of-results-and-implications-46324/
Mcnair B. An introduction to political communication. (Vol. 5) New York: Routledge. 2011.
Cremonesi C, Salvati E. Populism and the 2014 European Elections: A Comparative Study of Party Speeches by the Leaders of Movimento Cinque Stelle and United Kingdom Independence Party. Journal of Comparative Politics. 2019;12(2):18–37.
McCombes M, Lopez-Escobar E, Llamas JP. Setting the Agenda of Attributes in the 1996 Spanish General Election. Journal of Communication. 2000;50(2):77–92. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02842.x
Nisbet MC, Price S, Pascual-Ferra P, Maibach E. Communicating the public health relevance of climate change: A news agenda building analysis. Science Communication. 2010.
Weaver D, Mccombs M, Shaw DL. KL., ed. Agenda-setting research: Issues, attributes, and influences. (pp. 257-82) Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Ass. 2004.
Shoemaker P, Reese S. Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content. New York. Longman Publishers. 1996.
Holsti OR. Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Boston. Addison-Wesley. 1969.
Kiousis S, Wu X. International Agenda-Building and Agenda-Setting. International Communication Gazette. 2008;70:58–75. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748048507084578
Robinson KT. News Values and Information Subsidies: How Organizations Build the Agenda on Social and Traditional Media. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University thesis

Copyright

© 2020 Saeed, Bilal, Raza. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Published By Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee)